This file was automatically generated from http://svn.pugscode.org/pugs/docs/Perl6/Perl5/Differences.pod on Sat Aug 1 14:01:20 2009 GMT, revision 27701.
Perl6::Perl5::Differences -- Differences between Perl 5 and Perl 6
This document is intended to be used by Perl 5 programmers who are new to Perl 6 and just want a quick overview of the main differences. More detail on everything can be found in the language reference, which have been linked to throughout.
This list is currently known to be incomplete.
Where you used to say:
my @fruits = ("apple", "pear", "banana");
print $fruit[0], "\n";
You would now say:
my @fruits = "apple", "pear", "banana";
say @fruit[0];
Or even use the <> operator, which replaces qw():
my @fruits = <apple pear banana>;
Note that the sigil for fetching a single element has changed from $
to @; perhaps a better way to think of it is that the sigil of a
variable is now a part of its name, so it never changes in subscripting.
The same applies to hashes:
say "There are %days{'February'} days in February";
Again, there is a shorter form:
say "There are %days<February> days in February";
For details, see S02/"Names and Variables".
Yes, a twigil. It's the second character in the variable name. For globals,
it's a *
Was: $ENV{FOO}
Now: %*ENV<FOO>
For details, see S02/"Names and Variables".
Number of elements in an array:
Was: $#array+1 or scalar(@array)
Now: @array.elems
Index of last element in an array:
Was: $#array
Now: @array.end
Therefore, last element in an array:
Was: $array[$#array]
Now: @array[@array.end]
@array[*-1] # beware of the "whatever"-star
For details, see S02/"Built-In Data Types"
Old New
--- ---
__LINE__ $?LINE
__FILE__ $?FILE
__PACKAGE__ $?PACKAGE
__END__ =begin END
__DATA__ =begin DATA
See S02/"double-underscore forms are going away" for details. The ?
twigil refers to data that is known at compile time.
There are still three main contexts, void, item (formerly scalar) and list. Aditionally there are more specialized contexts, and operators that force that context.
my @array = 1, 2, 3;
# generic item context
my $a = @array; say $a.WHAT; # prints Array
# string context
say ~@array; # "1 2 3"
# numeric context
say +@array; # 3
# boolean context
my $is-nonempty = ?@array;
Hyphens ' and dashes - are allowed as part of identifiers, as long as
they appear between two letters.
A comprehensive list of operator changes is documented at S03/"Changes to Perl 5 operators" and S03/"New operators".
Some highlights:
qw() changes; new interpolating form
Was: qw(foo)
Now: <foo>
Was: ("foo", (split ' ', $bar), "bat")
Now: <<foo $bar bat>>
Quoting operators now have modifiers that can be used with them (much like regexes and substitutions in Perl 5), and you can even define your own quoting operators. See S03 for details.
Note that () as a subscript is now a sub call, so instead of qw(a b) you
would write qw<a b> or qw[a b] (if you don't like plain <a b>), that is).
String concatenation is now done with ~.
Regex match is done with the smart match operator ~~, the perl 5 match
operator =~ is gone.
if "abc" ~~ m/a/ { ... }
| and & as infix operators now construct junctions. The binary AND and
binary OR operators are split into string and numeric operators, that is ~&
is binary string AND, +& is binary numeric AND, ~| is binary string OR
etc.
Parenthesis don't construct lists, they merely group. Lists are constructed with the comma operator. It has tighter precedence than the list assignment operator, which allows you to write lists on the right hand side without parens:
my @list = 1, 2, 3; # @list really has three elements
The arrow operator -> for dereferencing is gone. Since
everything is an object, and derferencing parenthesis are just method calls
with syntactic sugar, you can directly use the appropriate pair of
parentheses for either indexing or method calls:
my $aoa = [[1, 2, 3], [4, 5, 6], [7, 8, 9]];
say $aoa[1][0]; # 4
my $s = sub { say "hi" };
$s();
# or
$s.();
$lol.[1][0]
See S04 for the full specification of blocks and statements in Perl6.
Was: if ($a < $b) { ... }
Now: if $a < $b { ... }
Likewise for while, for, etc. If you insist on using parens, make sure
there's a space after the if, otherwise it's a sub call.
Using eval on a block is now replaced with try.
Was: eval {
# ...
};
if ($@) {
warn "oops: $@";
}
Now: try {
# ...
CATCH { warn "oops: $!" }
}
CATCH provides more flexiblity in handling errors. See S04/"Exception_handlers" for details.
Was: foreach (@whatever) { ... }
Now: for @whatever { ... }
Also, the way of assigning to something other than $_ has changed:
Was: foreach my $x (@whatever) { ... }
Now: for @whatever -> $x { ... }
This can be extended to take more than one element at a time:
Was: while (my($age, $sex, $location) = splice @whatever, 0, 3) { ... }
Now: for @whatever -> $age, $sex, $location { ... }
(Except the for version does not destroy the array.)
See S04/"The for statement" and S29/"each" for details.
Was: for ($i=0; $i<10; $i++) { ... }
Now: loop ($i=0; $i<10; $i++) { ... }
loop can also be used for infinite loops:
Was: while (1) { ... }
Now: loop { ... }
Here's a simple translation of a Perl5 regular expression to Perl6:
Was: $str =~ m/^\d{2,5}\s/i
Now: $str ~~ m:P5:i/^\d{2,5}\s/
The :P5 modifier is there because the standard Perl6 syntax is rather
different, and 'P5' notes a Perl5 compatibility syntax. For a substitution:
Was: $str =~ s/(a)/$1/e;
Now: $str ~~ s:P5/(a)/{$0}/;
Notice that $1 starts at $0 now, and /e is gone
in favor of the embedded closure notation.
For the full specification, see S05. See also:
The related Apocalypse, which justifies the changes:
http://dev.perl.org/perl6/doc/design/apo/A05.html
And the related Exegesis, which explains it more detail:
http://dev.perl.org/perl6/doc/design/exe/E05.html
Formats will be handled by external libraries.
Perl 6 has a "real" object system, with key words for classes, methods and
attributes. Public attributes have the . twigil, private ones the !
twigil.
class YourClass {
has $!private;
has @.public;
# and with write accessor
has $.stuff is rw;
method do_something {
if self.can('bark') {
say "Something doggy";
}
}
}
Was: $object->method
Now: $object.method
Was: $self->$method() Now: $self.$method() # hard ref Now: $self."$method"() # symbolic ref
Since both builtin functions and operators are multi subs and methods,
changing their behaviour for particular types is a simple as adding the
appropriate multi subs and methods. If you want these to be globally
available, you have to but them into the GLOBAL namespace:
multi sub GLOBAL::uc(TurkishStr $str) { ... }
# "overload" the string concatenation:
multi sub infix:<~>(TurkishStr $us, TurkishStr $them) { ... }
If you want to offer a type cast to a particular type, just provide a method with the same name as the type you want to cast to.
sub needs_bar(Bar $x) { ... }
class Foo {
...
# coercion to type Bar:
method Bar { ... }
}
needs_bar(Foo.new); # coerces to Bar
If you want to write a class whose objects can be assigned to a variable with
the @ sigil, you have to implement the Positional roles. Likewise for
the % sigil you need to do the Associative role. The & sigil implies
Callable.
The roles provides the operators postcircumfix:<[ ]> (Positional; for
array indexing), postcircumfix:<{ }>
(Associative) and postcircumfix:<()> (Callable). The are technically
just methods with a fancy syntax.
You should override these to provide meaningful semantics.
class OrderedHash does Associative {
multi method postcircumfix:<{ }>(Int $index) {
# code for accessing single hash elements here
}
multi method postcircumfix:<{ }>(*@@slice) {
# code for accessing hash slices here
}
...
}
my %orderedHash = OrderedHash.new();
say %orderedHash{'a'};
See S13 for all the gory details.
Was: if (-r $file && -x _) {...}
Now: if $file ~~ :r & :x {...}
For details, see S03/"Changes to Perl 5 operators"/"The filetest operators now return a result that is both a boolean"
A number of builtins have been removed. For details, see:
Capture objects fill the ecological niche of references in Perl 6.
You can think of them as "fat" references, that is, references that
can capture not only the current identity of a single object, but
also the relative identities of several related objects. Conversely,
you can think of Perl 5 references as a degenerate form of Capture
when you want to refer only to a single item.
Was: ref $foo eq 'HASH' Now: $foo ~~ Hash Was: @new = (ref $old eq 'ARRAY' ) ? @$old : ($old); Now: @new = @$old; Was: %h = ( k => \@a ); Now: %h = ( k => @a );
To pass an argument to modify by reference:
Was: sub foo {...}; foo(\$bar)
Now: sub foo ($bar is rw); foo($bar)
The "obsolete" reference above has the details. Also, look for Capture under S02/"Names_and_Variables", or at the Capture FAQ, Perl6::FAQ::Capture.
This is a version of print that auto-appends a newline:
Was: print "Hello, world!\n";
Now: say "Hello, world!";
Since you want to do that so often anyway, it seemed like a handy thing to make part of the language.
wantarray is superseded by want.list. Also available are want.item
and want.count, the latter gives the number of expected values, if
applicable.
In general you are encouraged to return objects that do the right thing in each possible context instead of asking for your context explicitly.
Hash elements no longer auto-quote:
Was: $days{February}
Now: %days{'February'}
Or: %days<February>
Or: %days<<February>>
The curly-bracket forms still work, but curly-brackets are more
distinctly block-related now, so in fact what you've got there is a
block that returns the value "February". The <> and <<>> forms
are in fact just quoting mechanisms being used as subscripts (see below).
Most built-in functions are now methods of built-in classes such
as String, Array, etc.
Was: my $len = length($string);
Now: my $len = $string.chars;
Was: print sort(@array);
Now: print @array.sort;
@array.sort.print;
You can still say sort(@array) if you prefer the non-OO idiom.
Kirrily "Skud" Robert, <skud@cpan.org>, Mark Stosberg, Moritz Lenz, Trey Harris